Q Bank for Civil Engineer LDCE Exam- Write Short Notes on (14)

Q No. 22 (i) SETTING OUT OF CIRCULAR CURVE BY THEODOLITE AND TAPE METHOD.

i) First of all the tangential angles δ 1 , δ 2 , δ 3 etc are calculated by the formula given below.

δ1 = 1718.9 X C1__ minutes

R δ 2 = 1718.9 X C2 __ minutes

R δ 3 = 1718.9 X C3 __ minutes and so on R

Also the total deflection angel

for the 1st Chord 1 = δ 1

For 2nd chord 2 = δ 1 + δ 2

For 3rd chord 3 = δ 1 + δ 2 + δ 3

ii) Then set up a theodolite over the first tangent Point T1 and level it.

iii) With both the plates clamped at Zero, dissect the telescope to the ranging rod at the point of intersection B and bisect it.

iv) Release the vernier plate and set the vernier A to the first deflection angle 1 , the telescope being thus directed along T1 D.

v) Pin down the Zero end of the chain or tape at T1 , and holding the arrow at a distance on the chain equal to the length of the 1st chord (C1 ) swing the chain around T1 until the arrow is bisected by the cross hairs, thus fixing the 1st point D on the curve.

vi) Unclamp the upper plate and set the vernier to the second deflection angle 2 , the line of sight being now directed along T1 E.

vii) Hold the Zero end of the chain at D and swing the other end around D until the arrow held at a distance equal to the length of 2nd chord C2 , is bisected by the line of sight, thus locating the 2nd point E on the curve.

viii) Repeat the process until the end of the curve is reached

Q No. 22 (ii) SLENDERNESS RATIO :-   Slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length of a column or strut to its  least radius of gyration i.e.   

 

 Slenderness ratio  =     ___lef___ 

           rmin  Where the effective length of a column or strut depends upon the degree of end 

 restraints of the same.   and  rmin  =    __ Imin ___           A

Q No. 22 (iii) GROW MORE FOOD SCHEME:- Under this scheme, the licensing of surplus railway land to railway employees is permitted in all type of railway land whether in urban or non urban areas for group C & D railway staff only. Preference should be given to gatemen, gang men and staff belonging to SC/ST/OBC category and those belonging to the economically weaker section of the

society. This policy of licensing of surplus railway land shall be governed by the following stipulations/guidelines:- 

 a) Railway may identify the surplus land in urban as well as in non-urban areas which can be given for the purpose of cultivation of crops. 

b) Size of the plot to be licensed under this scheme would be generally not more than 1 hectare. However, where large plots of land are available and demand from the employees is not much, licensing of plots up to 2 hectares can also be considered on specific request. 

c) Railway land may be licensed to serving permanent railway employees in group C & D categories only. Preference should be given to gatemen, Gang men, staff belonging to SC/ST/OBC category and those belonging to the economically weaker sections of the society. d) No licensing shall be allowed to employees who have less than 5 years of service left and licensed land must be taken back at least 1 year before the due date of retirement of the employee. e) An entry should be made in the service record of the employee to the effect that employee is in occupation of railway land for cultivation purpose and NOC from engineering deptt would be obligatory before payment of settlement dues in case of retirement/ leaving railway services for any reason whatsoever. f) In each case of license, proper agreement must be executed between the railway administration and the licensee before the possession of land. g) Initial licensing which shall be for two years, shall be done by the division and

subsequent extensions after recovery of license fee can be done by the ADEN up to total maximum license period 5 years.

h) The license fee has to be fixed based on the revenue generating potential of land. the license fee should be between 1/4th to 1/3rd of the annual revenue expected to be earned by the employee and should be decided by the DRM with the concurrence of the Sr DFM/DFM. However the license fees shall not, in any case, be less than Rs. 1.0 per square meter per annum. License fee may be revised by DRM in consultation with Sr.DFM/DFM every year before commencement of the crop year. 

i) License fee for a year should be recovered in full in advance along with a security deposit which is equal to one year license fee before licensing or renewal of license is granted to the employee. The security deposit shall be refunded after vacation of railway land by the employee. 

 j) Any immovable fixture for watering made by the railway employee shall be brought to the notice of ADEN and shall become the property of railways as and when the land is vacated. No permanent structure on such licensed railway land shall be allowed. 

 k) Each licensee shall erect and maintain the railway boundary pillars/fencing at his own cost. 

 l) No plot of land shall be licensed for more than 5 years at a stretch to any particular employee so that tenancy rights do not accrue in favor of the licensee. 

m) The licensee shall not grow any such crop/plantation which may hinder the visibility or endanger safety of train operations. 

n) Details of the plots licensed under this scheme would be maintained by every IOW/ADEN for his/her jurisdiction and also in the divisional H.Q on a computer data base as a "Register for Utilization of vacant Railway land for Grow More Food Purpose" This data should be updated every year and a summarized position advised to H.Q. 

o) "Register for Utilization of vacant Railway land for Grow More Food Purpose" to be maintained in the IOW/ADEN's office should clearly indicate the location of the area allotted, the authority letter for the initial license, the approval for extension of license granted and the details of the license fees deposited, The ADEN personally shall ensure that the registers are updated every year.

Q No. 22 (iv) SAFTEY AT P.WAY WORK SITE:- The following measures should invariably be adopted for ensuring safety at P.Way Works sites:- 

 i. The contractor shall not start any work without the presence of railway supervisor at site. 

ii) Wherever the road vehicles and/or machinery are required to work in the close vicinity of railway line, the work shall be so carried out that there is no infringement to the Railway's schedule of dimensions. For this purpose, the area where road vehicles and/or machinery are required to ply, shall be demarcated and acknowledged by the contractor. Barricading shall be provided wherever justified and feasible as per site conditions. 

iii) The “look out " and "Whistle" caution orders shall be issued to the trains and "speed restriction" imposed where considered necessary. Suitable flagman/detonators shall be provided where necessary for protection of trains. 

iv) The supervisors and workmen should be counseled about safety measures. A competency certificate to the contractor's supervisors shall be issued by ADEN, which will be valid only for the work for which it has been issued. 

v) The unloaded ballast/rails/sleepers/other P.Way materials after unloading along the track should be kept clear off moving dimensions and stacked as per the specified heights and distance from the running track. 

 vi) While working in OHE area, the structure bonds, track bonds, cross bonds, longitudinal rail bonds etc. are not to be disturbed and if disconnected after taking "Permit to work" they are reconnected properly when the work is completed. Also all other instructions in this regard are to be followed strictly.

Q No. 22 (v) ANALYSIS OF RATES:- The determination of the rate of a particular item of work from the quantities of materials likely to be consumed and labours required and their cost at the prevailing market rates is known as analysis of rates. A profit of 15% for the contractor is also included in the analysis of rates. All expenditures likely to be incurred on the item of the work are taken in to account.

Generally, it comprises of the following:-

1. COST OF MATERIALS:-

In analysis of rates the cost of materials is taken at site including carriage, local taxes etc.

2. COST OF LABOUR:-

The Labour required for each item depend upon the nature of work. Their wages are also taken into consideration to arrive at the cost. The base for wages may be taken as the minimum wages fixed by the State govt./Central govt. for the zone in which the work is to be executed.

3. T & P AND SUNDRIES:-

A lump sum amount is provided in the analysis of rates for tools & plants (T & P) and other petty items (Sundries) which cannot be accounted in detail.

4. CONTRACTOR's PROFIT:-

Contractor profit@ 15% of the cost of materials & Labours must be added to obtain the rate per unit of the item of work.