Short Note on Soil Consistency

SOIL CONSISTENCY

The property of soil which is evident by its resistance to flow is called soil consistency.

Consistency helps to understand the degree of cohesion between various soil particles. A fine grained soil thus remain normally in any one of the flowing states:

Short Notes on Selection of ceramic/vitrified tiles for building work

Selection of ceramic/vitrified tiles for building work : - 

Floor and wall tiles of appropriate design, color and texture enhance the touch and feel of a building. However, the aesthetic improvement potential may not be achieved if proper tiles are not selected. In public area there is a need to choose good tiles of reputed manufacturers confirming IS: 15622 having wear resistance and anti skid properties, modern design, color combination and scheme of laying. Types of Pressed Ceramic/Vitrified Tiles:- 

i) Ceramic Wall Tile: These tiles have high water absorption, due to high water absorptions these tile stain after contact with liquids.

Guideline for Disposal of Human Waste

 Guideline for disposal of human waste: -

Discharged from water closets urinal, sinks, cattle shad gullies etc. is known as soil waste. W.C. with sufficient water arrangement required to provide for disposal of human waste. Further connection WC has been done following manner.

i) Where water availability is sufficient and sewer line laid –by providing flushing cistern Further the sewage from sewer line connected into the treatment plant.

Short Note on Disinfection of water

Disinfection of water :- Disinfection of water is required to remove disease producing organisms before it enters distribution system. The material used for disinfection of water is called disinfectants. A good disinfectant should economical and easily available in bulk quantity. It should destroy all harmful bacteria and other organisms. There should be no sludge formation in water. Working of plant, mixing of disinfectant should be simple after disinfectant, the water should not be come toxic and carry no objectionable odour and task. The dose should be such that there is always some residual concentration for protection of water from contamination during storage and conveyance of water through distribution system.

Short Note on Quality of drinking water

Quality of drinking water

Quality of drinking water - It should be ensured that the water supplied for domestic and public consumption is clear, potable, and free from pathogenic organisms, undesirable taste and odour. Water should be of reasonable temperature and free from minerals which could produce undesirable physiological effects. The physical, chemical and bacteriological standards should be as per IS 10500.

Short Note on Chlorination Practices

Chlorination Practices :

There are generally two practices as explained below :-

(i) Plain chlorination : This is applied where water is relatively less polluted and sufficient contact period of at least 30 minutes between the point of chlorination and consumer point is available.

(ii) Super chlorination : This is adopted in case of water being heavily polluted or where available contact period is short i.e. less than 30 minutes. In case of super chlorination, it may be necessary to go in for dechlorination to remove the excess residual chlorine.

Short Note on Chlorine demand

Chlorine demand

When chlorine and chlorine compounds are added to a water source, it purifies the water by damaging the cell structure of bacterial pollutants, thereby destroying them. The amount of chlorine needed to do this is called the chlorine demand of the water. The chlorine demand varies with the amount of impurities in the water and therefore the chlorine demand of a water source will vary as the quality of the water varies. Chlorine and chlorine compounds are consumed by inorganic and organic matters present in water before any disinfection is achieved.

Short Note on Various Methods of Chlorination in Railway Colonies and Station

Definition - It is the method of disinfection by which the micro organisms are killed in chlorine. Chlorination serves not only for disinfection, but as an oxidant for other substances (iron, manganese, cyanide, etc) and for taste and odor control in water and wastewater. Other chemical disinfectants include chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, iodine. The last two chemical are generally used for personal application & not for the public water supply.

Short Note on Pile Foundation

 Pile foundation.

Pile foundation are slender, circular member of timber, hollow pipes, or RCC , either driven or cast in situ. Due to slender ness pile are not used in those bridges where scouring are involved. Pile are classified as under.

Short Note on Tiles and Chequered Tiles

Tiles and Chequered Tiles.

Tiles - The tiles are very important building material for floor and dado treatment and kitchen bath & toilet walls and flooring .The tiles shall be of approved Indian manufacture and conform to specifications IS:777-1970. They shall be flat and true to shape and free from cracks, chips, craze, specks, crawling or other imperfections detracting from the appearance. The glaze shall be either glossy or matt. The body of the tile on fracture shall appear fine grained in texture, dense and homogeneous. The special consist of cove- bases, angles, beads, round edge tiles, corner cups, ridge and legs etc.

Short Note on Components of the Well Foundation

Components of the Well Foundation :

(I)Well Curb and Cutting Edge :

a. Bottom portion of the well is tapered and is called well cur

b. It should be strong enough to transfer the design load. Cutting edge, which is integral part of the well curb, is usually made of rails or mild steel plates and angles. Edge of the cutting is sharp to facilitate cutting of soil. Inclined portion of the well curb facilitates easy sinking. After the well curb, outer dimension of the well is very slightly reduced. and this facilitates in reducing skin friction, while sinking the well.

Short note on Water closets and urinals, Flushing cisterns, wash basin.

Water Closets and Urinals : The sanitary fittings which receives the human excreta directly and filled with a S or P trap for water seal to prevent the entry of foul gases backward from the soil pipe, is called a water closet.

Urinals : A system receives of urine is called urinals.

Short Notes on Water Supply distribution System

Water Supply distribution System : System depending upon the general topography of the area. Local conditions, orientation of the road. 

The types of system is as under :- 

(I)Dead end system or Tree System : In this system a main pipeline is laid in the centre of the area from where a numbers of sub-mains originate. Each sub-main is further sub-divided into branches pipes called laterals.

(ii) Grid Iron System : In this system the main sub main and branches are all inter-connected with each others. This system is most suitable for the cities having roads.

(iii) Ring System : In this system the main pipe lines is laid around the area in a closed ring either circular or rectangular. 

 (iv) Radial System : In this system water from main pipes is pumped to the distribution resevoir at the centre of the location of the localities.

Short Note on Chlorination of Water

CHLORINATION OF WATER :-

The process of disinfection of water with the use of chlorine in its various forms is called the chlorination of water. It is cheap, reliable, easy to handle, easily measurable and above all, it is capable of providing residual disinfecting effects for long period, thus affording complete protection against future recontamination of water in the distribution system.

Generally following three methods are adopted for chlorination of water using different chlorine producing agents.

(a) Bleaching powder solution is added to the water, the chlorine available in bleaching power is used to disinfect the water. This method is suitable only for smaller requirement of water.

Short Note on Active Earth Pressure & Passive Earth Pressure

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE AND PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE :-

The magnitude of the lateral earth pressure depends upon the movement of the retaining wall relative to the backfill and upon the nature of soil. Considering a rigid retaining wall with a plane vertical face, backfilled with cohesion less soil. If the wall does not move even after filling the material, the pressure exerted on the wall is termed as Earth Pressure at Rest. The point A represent it is fig. below:-

Short Notes on Concrete Mix Design

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN:- The concrete mix design is a process of selecting suitable ingredients for concrete and determining their proportions which would produce, as economically as possible, a concrete mix of necessary workability in plastic stage and provide required strength and durability in hardened stage.

Cement , Sand, Coarse aggregate are mix in a certain proportion which can be 1:4:8, 1:3:6, 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 i.e. M-10, M-15, M-20 grade of concrete such mixes are known as nominal mix and prepare by volume or weight batching. However if grade of concrete exceed M-20 than proportion of ingredients design in lab than implicated in filled. Such higher grads of concrete are complemented by inclusion of admixture so as to achieve higher compressive strength. Proportion of such admixture are essential in mix design to get more workability with less water cement ratio. Design mix is adopted in important nature of works and a weigh batcher is also must at site to mix proper weight of ingredients. 

Short Notes on Design of concrete mix

 Design of concrete mix

The aim of concrete mix design is to determine the proportions in which cement, fine aggregate, coarse and water should be mixed to produce concrete of required strength, workability and durability with minimum cost.The design of concrete mix can be done following methods. 

Short Notes Optimum moisture content & maximum dry density

Optimum moisture cement:-

the maximum moisture content in the soil after which the addition of water creates hindrance in bringing the particles closer is called optimum moisture content.

If the moisture content of the soil is more than the optimum moisture content, no compaction of the soil is possible because of too wetness.

Short Notes on Contour & Contour interval

 Contour & Contour interval :- 

A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. The elevation and depression on the map are shown by means of contour. All the points on the same contour have same elevation above datum surface. The line joining those points on map is called contour line. 

Contour interval is the difference in levels of two successive contour line, It may be 5 mitrs, 10 mitrs, or 50 mitrs or even 100 mitrs depending upon the purpose and scale of the map.

Short Notes on. Honey Combing of Concrete & its prevention

Honey combing of concrete & its prevention.


Honey combed

For laying roofs slab , loose centering should not be permitted where vibraters are used otherwise the bottom of the slab will be honeycombed .

Preventions

1. Centring should be made of steel or strong wood of which joints should be water tight.